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2,200-year-old leaf-wrapped grain bundles found in Chinese tomb may be ancient precursor to ‘zongzi’_我的网站

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Haigang Zhiyuan, a methanol bunkering vessel, successfully completes the bunkering of domestic-produced biomethanol to methanol-powered containership CMA CGM Osmium, which flies the Maltese flag. Photo: Screenshot from yicai.com
Shanghai Port has for the first time successfully completed simultaneously the bunkering of two types of green fuel for two international vessels at the offshore anchorage, marking a milestone in the port’s ability to provide diversified and large-scale marine fuel supplies, chinanews.com reported on Sunday. 
Haigang Zhiyuan, a methanol bunkering vessel, successfully completed the bunkering of domestic-produced biomethanol to methanol-powered containership CMA CGM Osmium, which flies the Maltese flag, while Haigang Weilai, a liquefied natural gas (LNG) bunkering vessel, successfully completed the bunkering of LNG to Kota Elan, a Singapore-flagged dual-fuel LNG container ship at the Lühuashan Anchorage off Shanghai from Saturday to Sunday. 
Most of the biomethanol supplied in the bunkering operation was produced by Shanghai Electric’s Taonan project. Which means the methanol feedstock was transported by land from Taonan, in Northeast China’s Jilin Province, to Dalian Port in Northeast China’s Liaoning Province, then shipped by sea to storage tanks in Shanghai, before being used for vessel bunkering at Shanghai Port. This established a cross-regional supply chain linking production in Jilin, transshipment in Dalian and bunkering in Shanghai, said the report. 
The cross-provincial supply chain from Northeast China to Shanghai expands the market for domestic biomethanol and highlights progress in building a north-to-south green fuel transportation corridor, according to the report. 
Haigang Weilai, a liquefied natural gas (LNG) bunkering vessel, completes the bunkering of LNG to Kota Elan, a Singapore-flagged dual-fuel LNG container ship. Photo: Screenshot from yicai.com
According to the Yangshan Border Inspection Station, the two vessels receiving the bunkering service have different sailing schedules. the CMA CGM Osmium is en route from Qingdao in Shandong Province to Ningbo in Zhejiang Province via Shanghai, while the newly built Kota Elan will conduct sea trials after bunkering. 
Completing clean-fuel bunkering at an anchorage cuts berth, tugboat and pilotage costs, and reduces vessel waiting times, which lowers the energy replenishment costs for international vessels and strengthens Shanghai Port’s overall competitiveness as a shipping hub, chinanews.com reported. 
Global Times
。         Photo: Courtesy of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyArchaeologists have unearthed a collection of plant-wrapped bundles dating back about 2,200 years that closely resemble modern-day zongzi, the glutinous rice dumplings traditionally eaten during China's Dragon Boat Festival, according to a report by the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). This study was published in the National Science Review.
In March 2024, archaeologists from the National Center for Archaeology excavated a large number of well-preserved, waterlogged plant bundles from the tomb's outer coffin chamber. On-site, the plant bundles could be seen tightly wrapped in broad leaves and tied with plant-fiber cords.
A team of researchers led by the National Center for Archaeology, IVPP, and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences examined 12 of the bundles and found that the wrapping leaves came from oak trees, while the cords were made from grasses. 
The bundles mainly contained rice, broomcorn millet, foxtail millet, and cereal seeds, most of which were still in their husks and mixed with inflorescence material. Small amounts of peppercorn, mallow and rice-field weed seeds were also found.
The fact that the bundles were found in a tomb and mainly contained grains still in their husks suggests they were not everyday food, but offerings intended for funerary rituals. "This might reflect a Warring States-era belief that grains served as wealth for the dead in the underworld," Ge Yong, an associate researcher at the IVPP and the study's corresponding author, told the Global Times.
A Qin Dynasty (221BC-206BC) text describes a belief that "soybeans were gold and millet was money" for the dead, indicating that grains held symbolic significance in funerary culture. "The bundles therefore appear to have been ritual offerings prepared for the deceased," Ge said, "not food for the living."
The physical structure of the bundles also resembles that of zongzi, with grains wrapped in leaves and tightly secured with plant-fiber cords. "Similar practices of wrapping grains for burial have also been found elsewhere within the Chu cultural sphere," Ge said, "such as at the Chengyangcheng Site." 
At the Chengyangcheng archaeological site in Henan Province, rice and broomcorn millet were also discovered wrapped in oak leaves. "An interesting fact is that we can still find zongzi wrapped with the same oak leaves now in regions related to the Chu cultural sphere."
"The findings suggest that wrapping grains as funerary offerings was a relatively common practice in the Chu state during the Warring States period," Ge said. "And this practice may have been an early form of the zongzi later associated with the legend of Qu Yuan."
These plant bundles share a structure similar to that of modern zongzi and to those described in legends and folklore. This might reflect how, through cultural exchange and heritage, these 2,200-year-old plant bundles likely evolved over centuries, shifting from sacrificial offerings to food, said Ge.
As diverse regional populations adapted the practice, it eventually transformed into the well-known Dragon Boat Festival tradition of eating zongzi. Thus, this structural resemblance might suggest a potential historical lineage; however, experts stressed that the Wuwangdun bundles should not simply be labelled as ancient zongzi.
"We can't define these plant bundles as the earliest zongzi, but rather, we can confirm that by 2,200 years ago at the latest, the Chu region had established a tradition of using this specific form of plant bundles for funeral rites. And this tradition could be a possible origin or precursor of the well-known zongzi," said Ge. 
He added that the discovery provides critical physical evidence to explore the origins of zongzi and its cultural heritage.
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